Sustainability Disclosure Maturity in Indonesian Banking: A Comparative Content Analysis

Abstract

Sustainability reporting in banking has shifted from narrative corporate responsibility toward quantified climate risk, financed emissions, and portfolio-level transition metrics. This study examined 2024 sustainability disclosures of Bank Central Asia, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, and Bank Negara Indonesia using comparative quantitative content analysis. A coding framework covered regulatory alignment, international reporting standards, climate-risk architecture, financed-emissions methodology, portfolio coverage, target setting, and external assurance. All four reports combined Indonesian sustainable-finance requirements with international reporting frameworks, while the depth of climate metrics varied by institution. Bank Mandiri reported 19.4 million tCO2e of financed emissions and expanded loan-asset coverage from 44.4% to 56.1%; BNI reported PCAF-based coverage of 70.3% of specified productive loan portfolios; BCA disclosed 37.43 million tCO2e of financed emissions; and BRI reported declining operational Scope 1 and 2 emissions alongside PCAF-based financed-emission measurement. The findings showed that disclosure maturity increasingly depended on portfolio coverage, methodological transparency, comparability, and assurance rather than document length. The study proposed a practical evidence chain linking reported standards, quantified exposure, transition targets, and verification.