Journal of Human Interaction and Social Studies
Sapientia Diversalis: Journal of Human Interaction and Social Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal published four times a year (February, May, August, and November). The journal provides an international open-access platform for the dissemination of original research and scholarly studies in human interaction, social studies, and interdisciplinary social sciences. It aims to advance understanding of social dynamics, communication, culture, and societal change across local, national, and global contexts.
A Pragmatic Study of Deixis in the Lyrics of the Worship Song 'As the Deer' by Martin Nystrom
This study investigates how deictic expressions function within the written lyrics of Martin Nystrom's 1984 contemporary Christian hymn titled As the Deer. Utilizing a nonempirical qualitative content analysis anchored in classical pragmatic theories, the investigation isolates person, spatial, and temporal reference systems to decode how meaning is derived from the communicative event. The findings reveal a highly specialized structural asymmetry within the text. Interpersonal indexical markers occur with extreme frequency, establishing a direct and intimate dialogic connection between the worshipper and the divine addressee. Conversely, physical spatial indices and historical chronological markers are completely neutralized, creating a spatial vacuum and a chronological suspension. This strategic omission decouples the discourse from specific geopolitical or historical boundaries, generating a state of eternal immediacy that remains universally adaptable across diverse communities. Ultimately, the research demonstrates that the text transforms individual devotion into an ongoing psychological reality, confirming the utility of pragmatic frameworks for decoding sacred discourse.
Deixis, Pragmatics, Hymnody, Worshipper, Discourse
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Human Interaction and Social Studies
A Review of Rice Straw Waste Management in Sidorogo Area from the Perspective of Environmental Law
Rice straw remains underutilized in Indonesia despite its considerable potential as a renewable biomass resource for sustainable agriculture. This study examines rice straw waste management in the Sidorogo area from the perspective of environmental law using an empirical legal research design with a descriptive qualitative approach. Primary data were obtained through field observations and semi-structured interviews with rice farmers, while secondary data were collected from legislation and relevant scientific literature. The findings indicate that open burning remains the dominant practice because of limited time for land preparation, inadequate waste-processing technology, and economic considerations. This practice contributes to soil degradation, air pollution, and potential health risks while reflecting limited implementation of environmental regulations. Composting, livestock-feed production, and biomass utilization offer sustainable alternatives that support resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Strengthening environmental law implementation through technological support, farmer education, and institutional collaboration can improve sustainable waste management. Integrating the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) with a zero-waste approach provides an effective framework for converting rice straw into valuable agricultural resources while promoting environmental sustainability and rural development.
Circular Economy, Environmental Law, Rice Straw Waste, Sustainable Agriculture, Waste Management.
The Implementation of Islamic Inheritance Law in the Distribution of Inheritance in Indonesia
This study examines the implementation of Islamic inheritance law in the distribution of inheritance in Indonesia. Islamic inheritance law is a fundamental component of Islamic jurisprudence that regulates the transfer of ownership rights from a deceased person to rightful heirs based on the Qur’an, Hadith, and classical fiqh principles. In practice, the implementation of Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia faces various challenges, including the influence of customary law, limited public understanding of faraidh, and family-based agreements that often disregard Islamic legal provisions. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia and identify the factors influencing its application within society. A qualitative method with a normative juridical approach was employed through library research using books, academic journals, statutory regulations, and other relevant scholarly sources. The findings indicate that the implementation of Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia is supported by the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) and the Religious Court system. However, its application remains suboptimal due to social, cultural, and educational factors affecting legal compliance. Strengthening legal education and increasing public awareness are essential to ensure that inheritance distribution aligns with Islamic legal principles and promotes justice within Muslim communities.
Compilation of Islamic Law, Islamic Inheritance Law, Inheritance Distribution, Islamic Law, Legal Implementation.
Implementation of the Prosecutors' Code of Ethics in Indonesia's Judicial System: A Case Study of Pinangki Sirna Malasari
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia establishes Indonesia as a state based on the rule of law, requiring prosecutors to exercise their authority in accordance with legal and ethical principles. This study analyzes the implementation of the Prosecutors' Code of Ethics through the case of Pinangki Sirna Malasari. The research employs a non-empirical normative juridical approach combined with a case study method by examining statutory regulations, judicial decisions, legal doctrines, and academic literature. The findings indicate that Indonesia possesses a comprehensive regulatory framework through Law Number 11 of 2021 and Attorney General Regulation Number PER-014/A/JA/11/2012, but its implementation remains constrained by weaknesses in supervision, accountability mechanisms, and consistent ethical enforcement. The Pinangki case demonstrates that prosecutorial misconduct is not merely an individual criminal act but also reflects broader institutional governance problems that undermine public trust in the justice system. Strengthening prosecutorial integrity requires preventive ethical governance, transparent disciplinary procedures, continuous professional ethics education, and stronger coordination between internal supervisory bodies and independent oversight institutions.
Institutional Accountability, Pinangki Sirna Malasari, Prosecutorial Ethics, Prosecutorial Integrity, Prosecutorial Oversight.
The Authority of the Banten Provincial Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency in Providing Supporting Infrastructure for Banten International Stadium
The development of the Banten International Stadium (BIS) represents one of the strategic infrastructure projects initiated by the Banten Provincial Government to establish an international-standard sports complex while supporting regional economic and social development. Despite its strategic significance, the provision of supporting infrastructure has not yet achieved optimal performance, particularly regarding accessibility and governance. This study aims to analyze the authority of the Banten Provincial Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency (DPUPR) in providing supporting infrastructure for the Banten International Stadium and to identify the challenges affecting its implementation. The study employed an empirical juridical approach with a descriptive-analytical design using document analysis and semi-structured interviews with the Head Supervisor of the Banten International Stadium and local community members. The findings indicate that DPUPR's authority is legally established under Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government and Banten Governor Regulation Number 48 of 2022. However, the implementation of this authority has not fully reflected good governance principles due to limited interagency coordination, insufficient public transparency, and low community participation. The study also identifies five major implementation challenges, namely structural, administrative, technical, social, and regulatory barriers, which collectively reduce the effectiveness of supporting infrastructure development. Strengthening institutional coordination, improving governance quality, optimizing budget allocation, and accelerating infrastructure provision are essential to enhance the sustainable management of the Banten International Stadium.
Banten International Stadium, Good Governance, Infrastructure Development, Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency, Regional Authority.
The Dynamics of Indonesia's National Education Policy: A Public Policy Analysis of National Online Media Coverage
This study examines the dynamics of Indonesia's national education policy through a public policy analysis of national online media coverage. A qualitative non-empirical approach employing literature-based document analysis was adopted to investigate how education policies are formulated, implemented, and represented within the digital public sphere. Secondary data were collected from official government publications, national online news media, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings reveal that Indonesia's education policy is characterized by several strategic challenges, including frequent policy adjustments, disparities in educational access, uneven institutional capacity, and the need to improve the quality of human resources through more adaptive educational governance. The analysis also indicates that the government has responded through increased education funding, the implementation of a 13-year compulsory education program, school digitalization, teacher competency development, and improvements in educational infrastructure. National online media play a significant role in communicating policy developments and shaping public understanding of educational reforms. The study concludes that the effectiveness of national education policy depends on policy consistency, institutional coordination, transparent governance, and evidence-based implementation to achieve equitable and sustainable educational development in Indonesia.
Educational Governance, Indonesia, National Education Policy, National Online Media, Public Policy Analysis.
An Analysis of Islamic Law Regarding Default Judgments in Divorce Action Cases: Case Study of Judgment No. 13/Pdt.G/2022/PA.Smg
This study examines the structural intersection of statutory civil procedures and classical Islamic jurisprudence through a rigorous doctrinal analysis of Semarang Religious Court Decision Number 13/Pdt.G/2022/PA.Smg. Adopting a non empirical qualitative approach, the investigation isolates the operationalization of a default judgment within a brief marriage characterized by immediate spousal abandonment and the complete non appearance of the defendant. The findings reveal that the judiciary successfully balanced rigid civil procedural requirements with material Sharia doctrines, specifically employing the classical legal maxim of harm prevention to justify immediate dissolution. Furthermore, the imposition of a Talak Satu Ba’in Sughra decree establishes crucial gender equity by stripping the absent husband of unilateral reconciliation rights and restoring the individual autonomy of the plaintiff. This adjudication demonstrates a progressive jurisprudential evolution within Indonesian religious courts, where formal mechanics are harmonized with substantive justice frameworks to prevent structural domestic oppression. Ultimately, the study underscores the necessity of proactive judicial intervention to protect vulnerable spouses from legal limbo, ensuring that statutory family law actively reinforces constitutional protections and contemporary human rights standards.
Default Judgment, Islamic Jurisprudence, Spousal Abandonment, Substantive Justice, Gender Equity.
The Legal Status of Ai-Based Works of Art: A Study on AI as the Subject of Copyright in Indonesia
This study examines the regulatory challenges and doctrinal tensions arising from the proliferation of artificial intelligence in the Indonesian creative economy, with a specific focus on the legal status of algorithmic art. Utilizing a non-empirical normative legal research design incorporating the statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the investigation dissects the structural limitations of Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright. The analytical framework reveals that Indonesian jurisprudence strictly binds legal subjectivity to human consciousness and corporate entities, creating an insurmountable barrier for autonomous software to achieve independent authorship or claim moral rights. Furthermore, comparative insights from the United States and the European Union demonstrate that unregulated data scraping and algorithmic duplication pose severe economic threats to human creators and communal digital cultural heritage. Ultimately, this study proposes a comprehensive future regulatory model through modified ownership doctrines and specialized statutory frameworks to secure market certainty without disrupting the anthropocentric foundations of national intellectual property law.
Artificial Intelligence, Copyright Law, Legal Subjectivity, Algorithmic Art, Indonesia
Legal Protection for Trademarks That Are Substantially Similar in Business Practice in Indonesia
This study examines the systematic vulnerabilities embedded within the Indonesian first to file trademark registration framework under Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. Utilizing a qualitative normative juridical research design, the investigation evaluates the persistent misalignment between statutory mandates, administrative examinations, and judicial outcomes. The analysis shows that the absence of standardized testing metrics for the triple identity test generates severe subjectivity during the evaluation of dominant visual, phonetic, and conceptual elements. Furthermore, comparative case studies of landmark litigations expose deep inconsistencies in how commercial courts interpret bad faith intentions and cosmetic brand modifications. These institutional challenges are exacerbated by the rapid growth of the digital marketplace, which enables sophisticated lookalike storefronts to exploit existing legal voids and dilute corporate goodwill. The study concludes that building a secure and innovative domestic market ecosystem requires urgent structural reforms, including automated phonetic mapping technologies, standardized judicial evaluation guidelines, and inclusive registration pathways.
Trademark Protection, Substantial Similarity, First To File, Judicial Consistency, Digital Marketplace.
Legal Protection of Copyright in Digital Content on Social Media under Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright
This study analyzes the legal protection of digital content copyright on social media under Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The rapid expansion of social media platforms has accelerated the creation, dissemination, and commercialization of digital content, including videos, photographs, music, graphic designs, and live-streaming content, while simultaneously increasing the prevalence of copyright infringement. Common violations include unauthorized re-uploading, removal of attribution, unauthorized modification, and commercial exploitation without the consent of copyright holders. This normative legal research employs statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches using primary legal materials, including Law Number 28 of 2014, as well as secondary materials derived from legal doctrines and scholarly publications. The findings indicate that the Copyright Law provides comprehensive protection through the declarative principle, moral rights, economic rights, technological protection measures, rights management information, and notice-and-takedown mechanisms within electronic systems. The study also finds that copyright enforcement is supported through administrative, civil, and criminal remedies designed to address various forms of infringement. Despite the adequacy of the normative framework, enforcement remains constrained by challenges related to digital evidence, cross-border jurisdiction, technological developments, and limited public awareness. The study concludes that strengthening institutional coordination, digital copyright literacy, and platform cooperation is essential for improving the effectiveness of copyright protection in social media environments.
Copyright, Copyright Enforcement, Digital Content, Legal Protection, Social Media
Protection of Well-Known Trademarks Against Bad Faith: The Starbucks Dispute
The increasing globalization of trade has intensified trademark disputes involving well-known trademarks, particularly those arising from registrations made in bad faith. In contemporary trademark law, protection is no longer confined to similar goods or services, as the unauthorized use of well-known marks on dissimilar goods may create consumer confusion, dilute trademark reputation, and result in unfair competition. This study aims to examine the legal criteria for determining well-known trademark status and to analyze the legal construction of bad faith in trademark registration involving dissimilar goods through the Starbucks trademark dispute in Indonesia. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. The findings reveal that the status of a well-known trademark is determined not only by formal registration but also by public recognition, promotional intensity, international reputation, duration of use, and market penetration. The study further demonstrates that trademark registration for dissimilar goods may constitute bad faith when intended to exploit the goodwill of a famous mark. Supreme Court Decision No. 836 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2022 confirms that the first-to-file principle cannot be applied rigidly when evidence of bad faith and the protection of a well-known trademark are at stake. The decision reflects a substantive approach that prioritizes fairness, consumer protection, and the prevention of unfair competition. These findings highlight the importance of balancing procedural certainty with substantive justice in strengthening the protection of well-known trademarks within Indonesia’s trademark law framework.
Bad Faith, First-to-File Principle, Intellectual Property Law, Trademark Protection, Well-Known Trademark.
Copyright Protection in NFT Transactions Involving Blockchain-Based Digital Assets
The rapid expansion of blockchain technology and the emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have transformed digital ownership models and generated significant challenges for contemporary copyright law. This study examines the legal relationship between NFT ownership and copyright protection, analyzes the legal issues arising from blockchain-based digital asset transactions, and evaluates the regulatory implications for Indonesia. Employing a normative legal research design with conceptual, comparative, and doctrinal approaches, the study analyzes statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and scholarly literature concerning NFTs, blockchain governance, and intellectual property rights. The findings indicate that NFT ownership does not automatically transfer copyright ownership of the underlying digital work, creating substantial legal uncertainty regarding licensing, royalty distribution, authorship recognition, and rights enforcement. Although blockchain technology offers innovative mechanisms for authentication, traceability, and automated royalty management through smart contracts, these technological features remain insufficient to resolve fundamental legal questions concerning copyright ownership and infringement. The study further identifies regulatory gaps within Indonesia’s existing legal framework, particularly the inability of current copyright and digital transaction regulations to adequately address decentralized digital asset ecosystems. The research recommends regulatory reform focused on clarifying ownership rights, strengthening copyright protection mechanisms, and developing adaptive governance frameworks capable of accommodating technological innovation while ensuring legal certainty.
Blockchain, Copyright Protection, Digital Assets, NFT, Regulatory Reform.
A Comparative Analysis of Public Trust in the Instagram Accounts @abouttng and @lapor_laksa in Accommodating Community Aspirations
Public trust has become an essential factor in determining the effectiveness of digital communication platforms in accommodating community aspirations. This study aims to measure and compare the level of public trust in the Instagram accounts @abouttng, a community-based media platform, and @lapor_laksa, the official Instagram account of the Tangerang City Government, in facilitating public aspirations. The research employed a quantitative approach with a comparative design. Data were collected from 200 respondents, consisting of 100 followers of @abouttng and 100 followers of @lapor_laksa, selected through quota sampling and accidental sampling techniques. Public trust was measured through cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions, while hypothesis testing was conducted using the Independent Samples t-test. The findings revealed a significance value of 0.000, which was lower than the established significance level (α = 0.10), indicating that the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. The results confirm a significant difference in public trust between the two Instagram accounts. Respondents generally perceived @abouttng as more responsive, transparent, interactive, and effective in managing public complaints and disseminating information than @lapor_laksa. These findings suggest that communicative performance plays a more decisive role in shaping public trust than formal institutional status within digital public communication environments.
Community Aspirations, Comparative Analysis, Digital Public, Communication Public Trust, Social Media.
When Likes Become the Balance Sheet: Digital Folklore, Performative Accountability, and the Politics of Accounting Legitimacy in the Platform Era
This study develops a critical conceptual examination of the changing relationship between digital communication, accountability, and legitimacy in contemporary platform environments. Using a non-empirical qualitative design grounded in critical literature synthesis and abductive conceptual interpretation, the study integrates scholarship from accounting, digital culture, legitimacy theory, sustainability reporting, and platform governance to explain how organizational performance is increasingly interpreted through symbolic visibility rather than exclusively through formal reporting mechanisms. The analysis identifies three interconnected transformations. First, accountability increasingly operates performatively through recurring digital narratives, visual formats, and public interaction. Second, legitimacy becomes progressively shaped by symbolic recognition and communicative circulation, producing forms of social validation that may appear persuasive despite limited evidentiary grounding. Third, the expansion of algorithmically mediated visibility creates new tensions between public attention and accounting materiality, generating conditions of reduced auditability and intensified dependence on symbolic indicators. The study proposes a multilayer analytical framework consisting of actor, claim, formula, validation, and verification dimensions to distinguish communicative legitimacy from accountable performance. The article contributes theoretically by extending accounting inquiry toward platform-mediated accountability and contributes methodologically through a conceptual model for interpreting digital reporting practices beyond conventional disclosure frameworks.
Digital Folklore, Performative Accountability, Legitimacy Politics, Algorithmic Materiality, Digital Reporting
Student Psychology in Early Childhood Education
Early childhood represents a critical developmental period during which fundamental psychological processes are established and shaped through interactions with educational and social environments. This study examined student psychology in early childhood education through a qualitative literature review that synthesized evidence from educational psychology, child development, and early childhood education research. Data were obtained from peer reviewed journal articles, scholarly books, and academic publications selected according to their theoretical and empirical relevance. The analysis employed qualitative content analysis involving literature identification, screening, coding, thematic synthesis, and interpretation. The findings indicate that psychological development is influenced by interconnected factors encompassing supportive developmental environments, meaningful learning experiences, and adaptive responses to changing educational contexts. Family and educational environments contribute to cognitive, emotional, and social development, while engaging learning approaches strengthen motivation, autonomy, creativity, and socioemotional competence. The review also highlights the growing importance of psychological adaptation in response to educational disruptions, digital learning environments, technological innovation, and emerging instructional challenges. These findings suggest that effective early childhood education requires an integrated psychological framework that supports holistic development, learning engagement, wellbeing, and educational resilience in contemporary learning environments.
Early Childhood Education, Student Psychology, Learning Engagement, Socioemotional Development, Educational Resilience.
Development Planning in The “Flood-Free Serang” Program in The City of Serang
This study examines development planning within the Flood Free Serang Program in the City of Serang with particular attention to planning processes, stakeholder coordination, and implementation effectiveness. The research employed a qualitative case study approach involving key actors from BBWS C3, the Serang City Government, the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office, the Environmental Agency, and community representatives. Data were collected through semi structured interviews, document analysis, and institutional reports, and were analyzed using an interactive qualitative framework. The findings indicate that development planning was formulated through an integrated perspective that addressed flood causes across river systems, urban infrastructure, environmental management, and community engagement. Collaborative governance emerged as a critical factor supporting policy implementation through coordination among governmental institutions and local stakeholders. The program contributed to reduced flood occurrence in several locations and strengthened institutional capacity for flood management. Challenges persisted in relation to budget constraints, community awareness, land use pressures, and limitations in cross sector collaboration. The study highlights the importance of integrated planning, adaptive governance, and participatory approaches for strengthening urban flood resilience and supporting sustainable development in rapidly growing urban areas.
Development Planning, Collaborative Governance, Flood Resilience, Stakeholder Coordination, Serang City.
Reorienting The Resolution of Foreign Investment Disputes Through Domestic Institutional Arbitration Following Indonesia’s Unilateral Termination of The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT)
Indonesia's gradual termination of numerous Bilateral Investment Treaties since 2014 has generated significant debates concerning the future architecture of foreign investment dispute settlement and the adequacy of domestic legal institutions in replacing conventional Investor State Dispute Settlement mechanisms. This study examines the legal implications of treaty termination for investor protection and evaluates the capacity of domestic institutional arbitration to serve as an alternative forum for resolving foreign investment disputes. Employing a non empirical normative legal research design, the study relies on statutory analysis, conceptual analysis, and comparative legal analysis of Indonesian legislation, investment arbitration jurisprudence, policy documents, and scholarly literature. The findings indicate that the termination of Bilateral Investment Treaties has altered the normative foundation of foreign investment protection by reducing direct access to treaty based arbitration while expanding the importance of domestic legal institutions. Although Indonesia possesses a formal arbitration framework capable of supporting dispute resolution, institutional legitimacy, procedural transparency, arbitrator independence, and international recognition remain critical challenges for the transition from international arbitration to domestic forums. The study further demonstrates that future investment governance requires the establishment of a specialized investment arbitration framework integrating sustainability principles, investor obligations, human rights considerations, and climate justice commitments. A reformed domestic arbitration architecture is essential for balancing regulatory sovereignty, legal certainty, and long term investor confidence within Indonesia's evolving investment regime.
Bilateral Investment Treaty, Domestic Arbitration, Foreign Investment, Investment Governance, Investor State Dispute Settlement.
Criminalization in Cases of Unregistered Marriages and Its Impact on the Protection of Women’s Rights
The practice of unregistered polygamous marriages remains a persistent phenomenon in Indonesia despite the existence of legal provisions regulating the requirements and procedures for polygamy. Such marriages are commonly conducted without official registration and judicial authorization, creating legal uncertainty and potentially undermining the rights of women and children. This study aims to analyze the legal and sociological dynamics of unregistered polygamous marriages and examine the urgency of criminalization as a mechanism for protecting women’s rights. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were obtained through library research, including legislation, legal literature, and relevant scholarly studies. The analysis was conducted qualitatively using Progressive Legal Theory and Utilitarian Theory as analytical frameworks. The findings indicate that unregistered polygamous marriages persist due to interpretations that prioritize the fulfillment of classical Islamic legal requirements while disregarding marriage registration obligations under national law. Marriage registration serves as a crucial instrument for ensuring legal certainty and protecting women’s rights. Criminalization is not intended to prohibit polygamy permitted under Islamic law but to prevent injustice, family neglect, and violations of women’s rights while promoting substantive justice and broader social welfare.
Unregistered Polygamous Marriage, Criminalization, Women’s Rights, Legal Protection, Marriage Registration.
Evaluation of The National Strategic Project for The Construction of The Serang-Panimbang Expressway
This study evaluates the implementation of the Serang Panimbang Expressway as a National Strategic Project in Indonesia using William N. Dunn’s policy evaluation framework. The research employed an empirical qualitative approach through a single instrumental case study design. Data were collected through semi structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in project planning, implementation, and supervision, supported by documentary evidence from government reports and policy documents. The analysis focused on six evaluation dimensions consisting of effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness. The findings indicate that the project has significantly improved regional connectivity and strengthened development opportunities in previously less accessible areas. Implementation performance was influenced by land acquisition challenges, financial constraints, cost escalation, and administrative coordination issues that affected project timelines. Stakeholders generally perceived the project as strategically beneficial for regional economic growth, although concerns remained regarding the distribution of benefits, environmental impacts, and institutional responsiveness to public complaints. The study concludes that the project remains appropriate and justified within the National Strategic Project agenda because its long term public value exceeds the implementation challenges encountered. Strengthening environmental governance, community engagement, and interinstitutional coordination is essential to improve the sustainability and legitimacy of future infrastructure development initiatives.
National Strategic Project, Policy Evaluation, Expressway Development, Infrastructure Governance, Regional Connectivity.
Implementation of Administrative Law Court Decisions by Administrative Agencies or Officials
The implementation of decisions issued by the State Administrative Court (PTUN) constitutes a critical element in ensuring the effectiveness of judicial review over governmental action and maintaining administrative accountability within a rule-of-law framework. This study examines the implementation of PTUN decisions by administrative bodies or state administrative officials through a non-empirical legal research design employing a normative juridical approach. The analysis is conducted using statutory, conceptual, and doctrinal approaches based on legislation, legal doctrines, judicial norms, and scholarly literature concerning administrative justice and execution mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that although PTUN decisions possess final and binding legal force, their implementation remains constrained by fragmented execution arrangements, limited coercive instruments, absence of detailed implementing regulations concerning administrative sanctions and forced payments, and continued dependence on voluntary compliance by administrative officials. These conditions weaken legal certainty, reduce the effectiveness of judicial protection, and hinder the realization of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB). The study argues that implementation should be reconstructed as an integrated legal process supported by stronger enforcement mechanisms, institutional coordination, and a compliance-oriented administrative culture to enhance the authority of administrative adjudication and strengthen accountable governance.
State Administrative Court, Decision Implementation, Administrative Accountability, Good Governance, Judicial Enforcement.
Implementation of Affirmative Action Policies to Meet Employment Quotas for Workers with Disabilities in the Private Sector in Bogor City
This study examines the implementation of affirmative employment policy concerning the fulfillment of disability employment quotas within the private sector in Kota Bogor and evaluates the extent to which regulatory obligations have been translated into substantive labor inclusion. Employing an empirical legal research design with a socio-legal approach, the study combines field-based evidence obtained through semi-structured interviews, institutional observation, and document analysis with qualitative legal interpretation. Primary data were collected from government officials, labor inspectors, Disability Service Unit personnel, and representatives of disability organizations, while secondary data consisted of statutory regulations, administrative records, and scholarly literature. The findings indicate that affirmative policy has been institutionally operationalized through labor information services, vocational preparation, employment facilitation, mediation mechanisms, and disability-oriented administrative support. Practical outcomes remain limited due to the persistence of profit-centered recruitment behavior among private enterprises, restricted availability of work-ready disability labor, and weak supervisory enforcement. Analysis through governmental action theory and welfare-state theory demonstrates that the legal framework has not yet generated sufficient coercive and distributive effects to ensure compliance. Strengthening regulatory supervision, institutional coordination, and labor capacity development emerges as a necessary condition for transforming formal quota obligations into effective realization of equal employment rights.
Affirmative Policy, Disability Employment, Labor Governance, Private Sector, Welfare State.
The Effectiveness of ASEAN-PAC in Regional Corruption Prevention: A Literature Review
Corruption in Southeast Asia has evolved into a transnational challenge that increasingly requires collective responses beyond national jurisdictions. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the ASEAN Parties Against Corruption (ASEAN-PAC) in supporting regional corruption prevention and anti-corruption cooperation within ASEAN. The research employs a qualitative literature review approach based on academic journal articles, legal studies, policy reports, and institutional publications related to regional anti-corruption governance. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and thematic synthesis to identify patterns concerning ASEAN-PAC’s achievements, limitations, and future prospects. The findings indicate that ASEAN-PAC has contributed significantly to strengthening institutional communication, information sharing, capacity-building initiatives, and the diffusion of anti-corruption norms among member states. However, its operational effectiveness remains constrained by the non-interference principle, the non-binding nature of regional commitments, legal fragmentation, and disparities in domestic institutional capacity. These factors limit the organization’s ability to support stronger enforcement mechanisms, particularly in cross-border investigations and asset recovery efforts. The study concludes that ASEAN-PAC remains an important regional platform but requires deeper legal cooperation, enhanced institutional capacity, and stronger governance standards to improve its effectiveness in addressing transnational corruption challenges in Southeast Asia.
ASEAN-PAC, Anti-Corruption Cooperation, ASEAN Governance, Regional Cooperation, Transnational Corruption.
The Effectiveness of Administrative Dispute Resolution Through the Administrative Court and the Ombudsman in Administrative Disputes
This study examines the effectiveness of administrative dispute resolution through the State Administrative Court (PTUN) and the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia within Indonesia’s administrative law system. It employs a normative-doctrinal legal research design supported by comparative analysis of statutory instruments, doctrinal literature, and institutional frameworks governing administrative justice. The findings indicate a structural dichotomy between PTUN as a judicial body producing binding decisions and the Ombudsman as a supervisory institution issuing non-binding recommendations. This divergence generates an enforcement gap, particularly in the execution of PTUN judgments and the voluntary nature of Ombudsman compliance. The study further reveals fragmented coordination between both institutions, despite overlapping jurisdictional objects in administrative disputes. Such fragmentation reduces the overall effectiveness of administrative justice in ensuring legal certainty, accessibility, and substantive fairness. The research concludes that neither mechanism independently achieves optimal effectiveness without institutional integration. Strengthening normative harmonization, improving enforcement mechanisms, and clarifying procedural linkages are necessary to enhance system performance and public legal protection. The study contributes to administrative law discourse by proposing a conceptual framework for integrated administrative justice combining adjudicative and supervisory functions.
Administrative Justice, PTUN, Ombudsman, Effectiveness, Dispute Resolution.
Deepfake AI and the Protection of Privacy Rights: An Islamic Perspective in Muslim-Majority Countries of Southeast Asia
The emergence of deepfake artificial intelligence (AI) has intensified concerns regarding privacy violations, identity manipulation, and reputational harm in digital environments. These challenges are particularly significant in Muslim-majority countries of Southeast Asia, where privacy and personal honour are closely connected to Islamic ethical and legal values. This study examines the implications of deepfake technology for privacy rights from an Islamic perspective, focusing on Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. Using a systematic literature review and qualitative-normative analysis, the study synthesizes scholarly publications, legal documents, policy reports, and Islamic jurisprudential sources related to deepfake governance and privacy protection. The findings reveal that existing regulatory frameworks remain fragmented and insufficient to address deepfake-related harms effectively. Islamic principles, particularly hifz al-‘ird, la darar wa la dirar, sidq, and amanah, provide a strong normative foundation for protecting privacy and human dignity. The study proposes a more integrated approach that combines contemporary privacy regulation with Islamic ethical principles to strengthen digital rights protection in Muslim-majority societies
Depfake AI, Digital Ethics, Islamic Law, Privacy Rights, Southeast Asia.
Legal Status and Protection for Citizens Against Administrative Decisions
This study examines the legal status of citizens and the legal protection available against State Administrative Decisions within the Indonesian administrative law system. The research addresses three principal issues consisting of the legal position of citizens in administrative disputes, the normative foundations and procedural mechanisms for challenging State Administrative Decisions, and the forms of legal protection together with the legal consequences of Administrative Court judgments. The study employs a normative juridical method supported by statutory, conceptual, and case based approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research involving legislation, judicial decisions, scholarly literature, and legal commentaries. The analysis demonstrates that citizens possess legal standing to challenge administrative decisions when direct and legally recognizable interests are adversely affected. Reviewable administrative decisions must satisfy the requirements of concreteness, individuality, finality, and legal effect, while contemporary developments have expanded reviewable objects to include factual administrative actions and positive fictitious decisions. Legal protection operates through preventive administrative mechanisms and judicial review before the Administrative Court. Administrative Court judgments provide corrective legal remedies through annulment of unlawful decisions, rehabilitation, compensation, and restoration of legal rights. The study concludes that the integration of administrative accountability, judicial control, and effective judgment execution strengthens legal certainty, good governance, and the rule of law within Indonesia’s administrative justice framework.
Administrative Court, Citizens Rights, Legal Protection, State Administrative Decision, Judicial Review.
The Relationship Between Humans and Technology: Society 5.0 & the Fourth Industrial Revolution
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has transformed social, economic, educational, and cultural systems, generating new patterns of interaction between humans and technology within the contexts of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. This study aims to examine the dynamics of human–technology relationships, analyze the conceptual foundations linking Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0, and identify the strategic role of human agency in responding to technological transformation. A non-empirical qualitative design was employed through a literature review approach, utilizing scholarly articles, academic books, conference proceedings, and policy documents selected based on relevance, credibility, and conceptual alignment with the research objectives. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis involving thematic categorization, synthesis, and critical interpretation. The findings indicate that technology has evolved from a supporting instrument into an integral component of contemporary social life, while Society 5.0 expands the technological orientation of Industry 4.0 by emphasizing human-centered innovation and social well-being. Human agency emerges as the key determinant in ensuring that technological advancement contributes to ethical, inclusive, and sustainable development. The study highlights the importance of integrating digital competence, humanistic values, and adaptive capacities in shaping future digital societies.
Digital Literacy, Human Agency, Industry 4.0, Society 5.0, Technological Transformation.
A Comparison of Administrative Dispute Resolution Through The Administrative Court and The Ombudsman (Examining The Differences In Functions, Authority, and Effectiveness of The Two Institutions)
This study examines and compares the Administrative Court and the Ombudsman as two principal institutions for resolving administrative disputes in Indonesia. The research employs a non empirical normative legal approach using statutory and conceptual methods to analyze legal norms, institutional mandates, and doctrinal principles governing both institutions. Primary legal materials consist of legislation regulating administrative courts, the Ombudsman, and public services, while secondary materials include scholarly literature on administrative law, administrative justice, and public accountability. The findings demonstrate that the Administrative Court functions as a judicial institution focused on legal adjudication and the provision of binding decisions, whereas the Ombudsman operates as a supervisory institution emphasizing maladministration review, complaint handling, and corrective recommendations. The analysis further reveals substantial differences in jurisdictional authority, legal powers, enforcement capacity, and legal consequences of institutional outcomes. The Administrative Court offers stronger legal certainty through enforceable judgments, while the Ombudsman provides greater accessibility, procedural flexibility, and responsiveness. The study concludes that both institutions perform complementary roles within Indonesia’s administrative justice system and collectively contribute to accountability, legal protection, good governance, and the improvement of public administration.
Administrative Justice, Administrative Court, Ombudsman, Public Accountability, Dispute Resolution.
The Impact of the Digital Transformation of Public Services on Administrative Court Disputes at the Administrative Court
The digital transformation of public service delivery through the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) has significantly altered the structure of administrative governance and the legal characteristics of State Administrative Decisions in Indonesia. This study examines the implications of digital transformation for administrative disputes before the Administrative Court and evaluates the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in addressing emerging challenges associated with electronically generated governmental actions. Employing a normative legal research design, the study utilizes statutory, conceptual, and doctrinal approaches based on primary legal sources, including administrative, electronic information, and constitutional regulations, as well as relevant scholarly literature. The analysis demonstrates that electronic administrative decisions possess legal legitimacy as reviewable administrative acts; however, their implementation generates complex juridical issues concerning evidentiary standards, attribution of administrative responsibility, algorithmic decision-making, and procedural accountability. Existing procedural and substantive legal frameworks provide partial accommodation for digital governance but remain insufficient to address the evolving realities of technologically mediated administrative action. The study argues that harmonization of administrative law, electronic governance regulation, and procedural adjudication standards is necessary to strengthen legal certainty, judicial protection, accountability, and the effectiveness of administrative justice in the digital era.
Digital Transformation, Public Services, State Administrative Decision, Administrative Court, Electronic Governance.
Budget Efficiency Policy and the Violation of the Right to Educational Priority: A Case Study of Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 2025 (Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2025)
The issuance of Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 2025 concerning budget efficiency in the implementation of the 2025 State Budget and Regional Budget has generated significant constitutional and administrative law debates in Indonesia. The policy mandates substantial expenditure reductions across ministries and government agencies, including the education sector, despite the constitutional requirement under Article 31 paragraph (4) of the Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 that education receive priority funding. Simultaneously, the government allocated substantial financial resources to the Free Nutritious Meals Program (Program Makan Bergizi Gratis), creating concerns regarding the consistency of fiscal priorities and the protection of constitutional rights. This study employs a normative legal research method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary legal materials consist of constitutional and statutory provisions, while secondary materials include scholarly literature and legal doctrines. The findings indicate that the implementation of budget efficiency measures through Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 2025 potentially conflicts with constitutional guarantees of educational rights and exceeds the permissible limits of executive discretion under administrative law principles. The study further emphasizes the need for stronger constitutional oversight and accountability mechanisms to ensure that fiscal policies remain consistent with constitutionally protected educational priorities.
Administrative Law, Budget Efficiency Policy, Constitutional Right to Education, Executive Discretion, Presidential Instruction Number 1 Of 2025.
Vehicle Taxpayer Compliance And The Implementation Of The Two-Wheeled Vehicle Tax Amnesty Program In Cirebon Regency
This study examines the implementation of the two wheeled vehicle tax amnesty program and its implications for taxpayer compliance in Cirebon Regency. An empirical qualitative approach grounded in a descriptive post positivist perspective was employed to explore policy implementation, taxpayer responses, and long term compliance challenges. Data were collected through in depth interviews, field observations, and documentary analysis involving Samsat officials and motorcycle taxpayers. The findings indicate that the program was implemented effectively through structured administrative procedures, institutional coordination, service adaptation, and public outreach mechanisms. The program contributed to increased tax payment participation, settlement of tax arrears, and improved taxpayer responsiveness during the amnesty period. Evidence also demonstrates a decline in inactive vehicle tax records and a temporary improvement in compliance behavior. Despite these positive outcomes, the sustainability of compliance remains uncertain because a portion of taxpayers continued to rely on incentive based policies and displayed a tendency to postpone obligations while anticipating future amnesty programs. Long term compliance appears to depend on stronger taxpayer awareness, moral obligation, digital governance, and continuous institutional engagement. The study highlights the importance of integrating policy effectiveness with sustainable behavioral transformation to strengthen regional tax administration and support long term revenue performance.
Tax Amnesty, Taxpayer Compliance, Motor Vehicle Tax, Public Policy Implementation, Sustainable Compliance.